https://worldafropedia.com/wiki/index.php?title=Administrative_divisions_of_Chad&feed=atom&action=historyAdministrative divisions of Chad - Revision history2024-03-28T13:27:55ZRevision history for this page on the wikiMediaWiki 1.35.0https://worldafropedia.com/wiki/index.php?title=Administrative_divisions_of_Chad&diff=11887&oldid=prevKofi: 1 revision2011-04-15T22:26:34Z<p>1 revision</p>
<p><b>New page</b></p><div>The '''administrative divisions of [[Chad]]''' have often changed since 1900, when the territory was first created by [[France]] as part of its [[French colonial empires|colonial empire]], with the name ''Territoire Militaire des pays et protectorats du Tchad''.<ref>S. Decalo (1987); ''Historical Dictionary of Chad'', 2 ed. Metuchen: The Scarecrow Press. ISBN 0-8108-1937-6, pp. 8, 309.</ref> The first subdivision took place in 1910, when 9 circonscriptions were made, named ''départements'' (departments) in 1935 and ''régions'' (regions) in 1947. As for the regions, they were further divided in districts.<ref name="Lanne11">B. Lanne (1998); ''Histoire politique du Tchad de 1945 à 1958'', Karthala. ISBN 2-86537-883-7{{fr icon}}, pp. 11-12</ref><br />
<br />
In 1960, immediately before independence, the ''régions'' became ''[[prefectures of Chad|préfectures]]'' (prefectures), and the districts instead ''sous-prefectures'' (sub-prefectures). The prefectures were in origin 11, later on raising to 14.<ref>S. Decalo, pp. 30-32</ref> In 1999 they were modified in 28 departments; this was ultimately changed in 2002, when 18 regions replaced them.<ref name="statoids">Statoids.com, [http://www.statoids.com/utd.html Regions of Chad]</ref> As for the regions, they are divided in [[departments of Chad|departments]], while the latter are divided in [[Sub-prefectures of Chad|sub-prefectures]].<ref name="statoids"/> Due to a series of splits in 2008, the regions have currently been raised to 22.<ref>Ordonnance n° 002/PR/08 portant restructuration de certaines collectivités territoriales décentralisées</ref> <br />
<br />
==History==<br />
On September 5, 1900, a decree signed by the [[President of France|French President]] [[Émile Loubet]] officially created the ''[[Colonial Chad|Territoire militaire des pays et protectorats du Tchad]]'' as part of the growing [[French colonial empires|French colonial empire]]. The new territory was placed under the command of a Commissioner who answered to the High Commissioner of the [[French Congo]] (called [[French Equatorial Africa]] (AEF) after 1910), of which Chad was a circuscription.<ref name="Lanne9">B. Lanne, pp. 9-11</ref><br />
<br />
In 1906 Chad was merged with the [[Oubangui-Chari]], becoming an autonomous territory within the ''Oubangui-Chari-Tchad'' colony, suppressed in 1916. In 1920 Chad was placed on an equal standing with the other AEF colonies (i. e. [[Gabon]], Oubangui-Chari and [[Middle Congo]]).<ref name="Lanne9"/><br />
<br />
It was only in 1958, when Chad was granted [[territorial autonomy]], that the country was separated from the AEF.<ref>B. Lanne, p. 9</ref> Two years later Chad was to come full independence under the government of [[François Tombalbaye]] and of the [[Chadian Progressive Party]].<ref>S. Decalo, p. 10</ref><br />
<br />
== 1910 - 9 Circumscriptions ==<br />
The first Governor-General of French Equatorial Africa, [[Martial Merlin]], built in 1910 for all the colonies he administered a two levels structure. Chad was divided in 9 ''circonscriptions'' (circumscriptions), with [[Fort-Lamy]] (today N'Djamena) as capital; two years later, as an underdivision of the regions, the ''subdivisions'' were introduced.<ref name="Lanne11">B. Lanne, pp. 11-12</ref> The Mayo-Kebbi circumscription disappeared in 1911 when the left bank of the [[Logone River]] was ceded to the [[German colonial empire|German colony]] of [[Kamerun]] as part of the exchange for the [[French Morocco|French protectorate]] over [[Morocco]]. the area was retaken by [[France]] in [[World War I]], and some years later, in 1922, the circumscription was restored and given back to Chad. On the other side Moyen-Chari was part of Oubangui-Chari from 1925 to 1933.<ref>S. Decalo, p. 214</ref><ref>J. Le Cornec (1963); ''Histoire politique du Tchad de 1960 à 1962'', Librairie générale de droit et jurisprudencie.{{fr icon}}, pp. 33-35</ref> <br />
<br />
In 1914 a new circumscription was added with Borkou-Ennedi, renamed [[Borkou-Ennedi-Tibesti]] in 1930 when the [[Tibesti]] was passed from [[Niger]] to Chad.<ref name="Lanne11"/> <br />
<br />
{| border=1 cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0"<br />
|- style="background:#ffe0e0;"<br />
!N°||Circumscription||Capital<br />
|-<br />
|1||Baguirmi||Tchekna (Massénya)<br />
|-<br />
|2||Bas-Chari||Fort-Lamy<br />
|-<br />
|3||Batha||Ati<br />
|-<br />
|4||Kanem||Mao<br />
|-<br />
|5||Logone||Behagle (Laï)<br />
|-<br />
|6||Mayo-Kebbi||Léré<br />
|-<br />
|7||Moyen-Chari||Fort-Archambault<br />
|-<br />
|8||Ouaddaï||Abéché<br />
|-<br />
|9||Salamat||Am Timan<br />
|}<br />
<br />
== 1934 - departments ==<br />
===Centralization===<br />
In 1934 all the AEF was the object of a major administrative reorganization, known as Renard reform after the Governor-General [[Edouard Renard]]. Meant to cut down the maintainment costs and transform the AEF in an unitary colony divided in 4 regions. Chad was placed under a ''commandant de région'' who awnsered to the Governor-Delegate in [[Bangui]], who instead was under the Governor-General in [[Brazzaville]].<ref name="Cornec35">J. Le Cornec, p. 35</ref><ref name="Lanne10">B. Lanne, pp. 10-11</ref> <br />
<br />
The circumscriptions of Chad took the name of departments and many of them were merged, while two departments, Logone (united with the Mayo-Kebbi) and Chari-Bangoran (Moyen-Chari and [[N'Délé]]) were separated from Chad and placed directly under Bangui's administration.<ref name="Cornec35"/><ref name="Lanne10"/><br />
<br />
{| border=1 cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0"<br />
|- style="background:#ffe0e0;"<br />
!N°||Department<br />
|-<br />
|1||Borkou-Ennedi-Tibesti<br />
|-<br />
|2||Chari-Baguirmi<br />
|-<br />
|3||Kanem-Batha<br />
|-<br />
|4||Ouaddaï-Salamat<br />
|}<br />
<br />
===Decentralization===<br />
The radicality of these centralization measures proved themselves unsustainable, causing their reversion on the return to the previous structure of the AEF in 1936. In that year Logone and Moyen-Chari were returned to Chad while both Kanem-Batha and Chari-Baguirmi were split restoring the original 10 subdivisions. In 1944 the departments were brought to 9, when Bas-Chari and Baguirmi were merged back to recreate Chari-Baguirmi.<ref name="Lanne11"/><ref name="Cornec35"/><br />
<br />
In 1937 Chad was made fully independent from Bangui but the administrator was given the lesser rank of ''commandant''. The following year his rank was increased to ''governeur'' (governor), reestablishing a full parity among the AEF colonies.<ref name="Lanne11"/> <br />
<br />
This is the situation of Chad on December 31, 1945 concerning departments and subdivisions:<ref>B. Lanne, p. 11</ref> <br />
{| border=1 cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0"<br />
|- style="background:#ffe0e0;"<br />
!N°||Department||Subdivisions<br />
|-<br />
|1||Batha||Ati, Mongo, Ouadi Rimé, Oum Hadjer<br />
|-<br />
|2||Borkou-Ennedi-Tibesti||Borkou, Ennedi, Tibesti<br />
|-<br />
|3||Chari-Baguirmi||Bokoro, Bousso, Fort-Lamy, Massakory, Massénya<br />
|-<br />
|4||Kanem||Bol, Mao, Moussoro, Rig Rig, Ziguei<br />
|-<br />
|5||Logone||Baïbokoum, Doba, Kélo, Laï, Moundou<br />
|-<br />
|6||Mayo-Kebbi||Bongor, Fianga, Léré, Pala<br />
|-<br />
|7||Moyen-Chari||Fort-Archambault, Koumra, Kyabé, Moissala<br />
|-<br />
|8||Ouaddaï||Abéché, Adré, Am Dam, Biltine, Goz Beida<br />
|-<br />
|9||Salamat||Am Timan, Mangueigne, Melfi-Aboudéia<br />
|}<br />
<br />
<!--<br />
== Entre 1947 et 1960 : 9 régions ==<br />
<br />
{| border=1 cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0"<br />
|- style="background:#ffe0e0;"<br />
!N°||Région||Chef-lieu||Districts<br />
|-<br />
|1||Ouaddaï||Abéché||Abéché, Adré, Biltine<br />
|-<br />
|2||Salamat||Am Timan||Am Timan<br />
|-<br />
|3||Batha||Ati||Ati<br />
|-<br />
|4||Mayo-Kebbi||Bongor||Bongor, Fianga, Léré, Pala<br />
|-<br />
|5||Moyen-Chari||Fort-Archambault||Fort-Archambault<br />
|-<br />
|6||Chari-Baguirmi||Fort-Lamy||Fort-Lamy, Massenya, Bousso<br />
|-<br />
|7||Borkou-Ennedi-Tibesti||Largeau||Largeau<br />
|-<br />
|8||Kanem||Mao||Mao, Bol<br />
|-<br />
|9||Logone||Moundou||Moundou, Doba, Laï<br />
|}<br />
(tableau en cours de saisie)<br />
<br />
== Entre 1960 et 1999 : 14 préfectures ==<br />
<br />
[[Image:Chad Prefectures numbered 300px.png|thumb|center|300px]]<br />
<br />
{| border=1 cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0"<br />
|- style="background:#ffe0e0;"<br />
!N°||Préfecture||Chef-lieu||Sous-préfectures<br />
|-<br />
|1||Batha||Ati||Ati, Djedda, Oum Hadjer<br />
|-<br />
|2||Biltine||Biltine||Am Zoer, Arada, Biltine, Guéréda, Iriba<br />
|-<br />
|3||Borkou-Ennedi-Tibesti||Faya-Largeau||Borkou, Ennedi, Tibesti<br />
|-<br />
|4||Chari-Baguirmi||N'Djamena||Bokoro, Bousso, Massakory, N'Djamena<br />
|-<br />
|5||Guéra||Mongo||Bitkine, Mangalmé, Melfi, Mongo<br />
|-<br />
|6||Kanem||Mao||Mao, Moussoro, Nokou<br />
|-<br />
|7||Lac||Bol||Bol, Ngouri<br />
|-<br />
|8||Logone Occidental||Moundou||Beinamar, Benoye, Moundou<br />
|-<br />
|9||Logone Oriental||Doba||Baibokoum, Bebedjia,Doba, Goré<br />
|-<br />
|10||Mayo-Kebbi||Bongor||Bongor, Fianga, Gounou Gaya, Léré, Pala<br />
|-<br />
|11||Moyen-Chari||Sarh||Koumra, Kyabé, Maro, Moissala, Sarh<br />
|-<br />
|12||Ouaddaï||Abéché||Abéché, Adré, Am Dam, Goz Beida<br />
|-<br />
|13||Salamat||Am Timan||Aboudeia, Am Timan, Haraze Mangueigne<br />
|-<br />
|14||Tandjilé||Laï||Béré, Kélo, Laï<br />
|}<br />
<br />
==Entre 1999 et 2002 : 28 départements==<br />
<br />
Période transitoire avec création de nouvelles entités administratives. Cependant, les régions prévues par la nouvelle constitution ne sont pas encore créées. Le statut et la place de la [[Ndjamena|Ville de Ndjamena]] n'est pas précisée.<br />
<br />
(Décret n° 355/PR/MISD/99 du 1er septembre 1999 portant création des Départements)<br />
<br />
NB : ordre du décret<br />
{| border=1 cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0"<br />
|- style="background:#ffe0e0;"<br />
!N°||Département||Chef-lieu||Sous-préfectures<br />
|-<br />
|1||Dababa||Bokoro||Bokoro, Gama, Moïto<br />
|-<br />
|2||Baguirmi||Massenya||Massenya, Bousso, Dourbali<br />
|-<br />
|3||Batha Ouest||Ati||Ati, Djedaa, Fitri (Yao), Koundjourou<br />
|-<br />
|4||Batha Est||Oum-Hadjer||Oum-hadjer, Assinet, Haraze Djombo Kibit<br />
|-<br />
|5||Sila||Goz-Beïda||Goz-Beïda, Koukou Angara, Tissi, Addé<br />
|-<br />
|6||Salamat||Am Timan||Am Timan, Aboudéïa, Haraze Mangueigne<br />
|-<br />
|7||Bahr-El-Gazal||Moussoro||Moussoro, Michémiré, Sallal<br />
|-<br />
|8||Bahr-Köh||Sarh||Sarh, Dembo, Korbol, Maro<br />
|-<br />
|9||Biltine||Biltine||Biltine, Am-Zoer, Arada, Gueréda, Iriba<br />
|-<br />
|10||Borkou||Faya-Largeau||Faya, Bourkou Yala, Kouba Olanga<br />
|-<br />
|11||Ennedi||Fada||Fada, Gouro, Kalaït, Ouadi Hawar, Ounianga Kébir<br />
|-<br />
|12||Guéra||Mongo||Mongo, Bitkine, Mangalmé, Melfi<br />
|-<br />
|13||Hadjer-Lamis||Massaguet||Massaguet, Linia, Karal, Mandalia, Mani, Massakori<br />
|-<br />
|14||Kabbia||Gounou Gaya||Gounou-Gaya, Binder, Fianga,<br />
|-<br />
|15||Kanem||Mao||Mao, Mondo, Nokou, Rig-Rig<br />
|-<br />
|16||Lac||Bol||Bol, Baga-Sola, Doum-Doum, Liwa, Ngouri<br />
|-<br />
|17||Lac Iro||Kyabé||Kyabé, Bohobé, Boum Kebir<br />
|-<br />
|18||Logone Occidental||Moundou||Moundou, Beïnamar, Bénoye, Krim-Krim<br />
|-<br />
|19||Logone Oriental||Doba||Doba, Bébedjia, Béboto, Bodo, Goré<br />
|-<br />
|20||Mayo-Boneye||Bongor||Bongor, Guelendeng, Kim, Rigaza<br />
|-<br />
|21||Mandoul||Koumra||Koumra, Bédjondo, Bouna, Goundi, Moïssala<br />
|-<br />
|22||Mayo-Dala||Pala||Pala, Gagal, Lagon, Léré<br />
|-<br />
|23||Monts de Lam||Mbaïbokoum||Mbaïbokoum, Mbaïkoro, Bessao, Larmanaye<br />
|-<br />
|24||Ouaddaï||Abéché||Abéché, Abougoudam, Am-Dam, Chokoyan, Abdi<br />
|-<br />
|25||Assongha||Adré||Adré, Hadjer-Addid, Mabrone<br />
|-<br />
|26||Tandjilé Est||Laï||Laï, Déressia, Dono Manga<br />
|-<br />
|27||Tandjilé Ouest||Kélo||Kélo, Béré, Dafra<br />
|-<br />
|28||Tibesti||Bardaï||Bardaï, Aouzou, Zouar<br />
|}<br />
Carte : http://perso.wanadoo.fr/micheljauniaux/tchad/carteadmi.jpg<br />
<br />
==Entre octobre 2002 et février 2008 : 18 régions==<br />
<br />
[[Image:Chad regions numbered.png|thumb|center|300px]]<br />
<br />
(Décret n° 419/PR/MAT/02 du 17 octobre 2002 portant création des Régions)<br />
<br />
NB : liste des régions dans l'ordre du décret + n° sur la carte<br />
{| border=1 cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0"<br />
|- style="background:#ffe0e0;"<br />
!N°||Région||Chef-lieu||Départements<br />
|-<br />
|1||Batha||Ati||Batha Est, Batha Ouest, Fitri<br />
|-<br />
|3||Chari-Baguirmi||Massenya||Baguirmi, Chari, Loug Chari<br />
|-<br />
|5||Hadjer-Lamis||Massakory||Dababa, Dagana, Haraze Al Biar<br />
|-<br />
|17||Wadi Fira||Biltine||Biltine, Dar Tama, Kobé<br />
|-<br />
|2||[[Borkou-Ennedi-Tibesti]]||Faya-Largeau||Borkou, [[Ennedi Est]], [[Ennedi Ouest]], Tibesti<br />
|-<br />
|4||Guéra||Mongo||Barh Signaka, Guéra<br />
|-<br />
|6||Kanem||Mao||Barh El Gazel, Kanem<br />
|-<br />
|7||Lac||Bol||Mamdi, Wayi<br />
|-<br />
|8||Logone Occidental||Moundou||Dodjé, Lac Wey, Ngourkosso, Guéni (2)<br />
|-<br />
|9||Logone Oriental||Doba||Nya Pendé, Pendé, Monts de Lam, Nya (1), Kouh-Est (2)<br />
|-<br />
|10||Mandoul||Koumra||Barh Sara, Mandoul Occidental, Mandoul Oriental<br />
|-<br />
|11||Mayo-Kebbi Est||Bongor||Mayo-Boneye, Kabbia, Mont d'Illi (1), Mayo-Lémié (1)<br />
|-<br />
|12||Mayo-Kebbi Ouest||Pala||Lac Léré, Mayo-Dallah<br />
|-<br />
|13||Moyen-Chari||Sarh||Barh Köh, Grande Sido, Lac Iro<br />
|-<br />
|14||Ouaddaï||Abéché||Assoungha, Djourf Al Ahmar, Ouara, Sila<br />
|-<br />
|15||Salamat||Am Timan||Aboudeïa, Barh Azoum, Haraze Mangueigne<br />
|-<br />
|16||Tandjilé||Laï||Tandjilé Est, Tandjilé Ouest<br />
|-<br />
|18||Ville de Ndjamena||Ndjamena||10 ''arrondissements municipaux''<br />
|}<br />
(1) créés en 2004 / (2) créés en 2006<br />
<br />
== Depuis février 2008 : 22 régions ==<br />
<br />
19 février 2008, création de nouvelles régions : Borkou, Ennedi, Tibesti par démembrement de la région Borkou-Ennedi-Tibesti, Sila par division de la région Ouaddaï, Barh El Gazel par division de la région Kanem<ref>[http://www.presidencedutchad.org/Activites/Actes/Odonanceno%20002du19fev08.htm Ordonnance n° 002/PR/08 portant restructuration de certaines collectivités territoriales décentralisées]</ref>.<br />
<br />
{| border=1 cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0"<br />
|- style="background:#ffe0e0;"<br />
!N°||Région||Chef-lieu||Départements<br />
|-<br />
|1||[[Batha]]||[[Ati (Tchad)|Ati]]||[[Batha Est]], [[Batha Ouest]], [[Fitri]]<br />
|-<br />
|2||[[Chari-Baguirmi]]||[[Massenya]]||[[Baguirmi]], [[Chari (département)|Chari]], [[Loug Chari]]<br />
|-<br />
|3||[[Hadjer-Lamis]]||[[Massakory]]||[[Dababa]], [[Dagana (Tchad)|Dagana]], [[Haraze Al Biar]]<br />
|-<br />
|4||[[Wadi Fira]]||[[Biltine (ville)|Biltine]]||[[Biltine (département)|Biltine]], [[Dar Tama]], [[Kobé (département)|Kobé]]<br />
|-<br />
|5||[[Barh El Gazel]]||[[Moussoro]]||[[Barh El Gazel Nord]], [[Barh El Gazel Sud]]<br />
|-<br />
|6||[[Borkou]]||[[Faya-Largeau]]||[[Borkou (département)|Borkou]], [[Borkou Yala]]<br />
|-<br />
|7||[[Ennedi]]||[[Fada]]||[[Ennedi (département)|Ennedi]], [[Wadi Hawar]]<br />
|-<br />
|8||[[Guéra]]||[[Mongo (Tchad)|Mongo]]||[[Barh Signaka]], [[Guéra (département)|Guéra]], [[Abtouyour]], [[Mangalmé (département)|Mangalmé]]<br />
|-<br />
|9||[[Kanem (région)|Kanem]]||[[Mao (ville)|Mao]]||[[Nord Kanem]], [[Kanem (département)|Kanem]], [[Wadi Bissam]]<br />
|-<br />
|10||[[Lac (région)|Lac]]||[[Bol (Tchad)|Bol]]||[[Mamdi]], [[Wayi]]<br />
|-<br />
|11||[[Logone Occidental]]||[[Moundou]]||[[Dodjé]], [[Lac Wey]], [[Ngourkosso]], [[Guéni]]<br />
|-<br />
|12||[[Logone Oriental]]||[[Doba (ville)|Doba]]||[[Nya Pendé]], [[Pendé (département)|Pendé]], [[Monts de Lam]], [[Nya]], [[Kouh-Est]], [[Kouh-Ouest]]<br />
|-<br />
|13||[[Mandoul]]||[[Koumra]]||[[Barh Sara]], [[Mandoul Occidental]], [[Mandoul Oriental]]<br />
|-<br />
|14||[[Mayo-Kebbi Est]]||[[Bongor]]||[[Mayo-Boneye]], [[Kabbia]], [[Mont d'Illi]], [[Mayo-Lémié]]<br />
|-<br />
|15||[[Mayo-Kebbi Ouest]]||[[Pala]]||[[Lac Léré]], [[Mayo-Dallah]]<br />
|-<br />
|16||[[Moyen-Chari]]||[[Sarh]]||[[Barh Köh]], [[Grande Sido]], [[Lac Iro]]<br />
|-<br />
|17||[[Ouaddaï]]||[[Abéché]]||[[Abdi]], [[Assoungha]], [[Ouara]]<br />
|-<br />
|18||[[Salamat]]||[[Am Timan]]||[[Aboudeïa (département)|Aboudeïa]], [[Barh Azoum]], [[Haraze Mangueigne (département)|Haraze Mangueigne]]<br />
|-<br />
|19||[[Sila (Tchad)|Sila]]||[[Goz Beïda]]||[[Kimiti]], [[Djourouf Al Ahmar]]<br />
|-<br />
|20||[[Tandjilé]]||[[Laï]]||[[Tandjilé Est]], [[Tandjilé Ouest]]<br />
|-<br />
|21||[[Tibesti]]||[[Faya-Largeau]]||[[Tibesti Est]], [[Tibesti Ouest]]<br />
|-<br />
|22||[[Ndjamena|Ville de Ndjamena]]||Ndjamena||10 ''arrondissements municipaux''<br />
|}<br />
--><br />
<br />
==See also==<br />
*[[Departments of Chad]]<br />
*[[Prefectures of Chad]]<br />
*[[Regions of Chad]]<br />
*[[Sub-prefectures of Chad]]<br />
<br />
== References==<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
<br />
{{DEFAULTSORT:Administrative Divisions Of Chad}}<br />
[[Category:Subdivisions of Chad| ]]<br />
[[Category:Country subdivisions of Africa|Chad]]<br />
<br />
[[fr:Organisation administrative territoriale du Tchad]]</div>Kofi