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{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2014}}
{{UKUSA}}
The '''United Kingdom – United States of America Agreement''' ('''UKUSA''', {{IPAc-en|juː|k|uː|ˈ|s|ɑː}} {{respell|ew-koo|SAH|'}})<ref>{{cite press release|title=Declassified UKUSA Signals Intelligence Agreement Documents Available|url=http://www.nsa.gov/public_info/press_room/2010/ukusa.shtml|publisher=[[National Security Agency]]|date=24 June 2010|accessdate=25 June 2010}}</ref><ref>Also known as the ''Quadripartite Agreement'' or ''Quadripartite Pact'' ({{citation |last=EPIC, Privacy International |year=2002 |title=Privacy and Human Rights 2002: An International Survey of Privacy Rights and Developments| publisher=Epic, 2002 |isbn=1-893044-16-5|page=[http://books.google.com/books?id=EPxnexrywuAC&dq=Quadripartite+Agreement+(1947)+signals+intelligence&q=Quadripartite+Agreement#search_anchor 100]}})</ref>
is a multilateral agreement for cooperation in [[signals intelligence]] between the [[United Kingdom]], the [[United States]], [[Canada]], [[Australia]], and [[New Zealand]]. The alliance of intelligence operations is also known as '''[[Five Eyes]]'''.<ref name="fiveeyes1"/><ref>{{cite web|last=Paul Farrell|title=History of 5-Eyes – explainer|url=http://www.theguardian.com/world/2013/dec/02/history-of-5-eyes-explainer|publisher=''[[The Guardian]]''|accessdate=28 December 2013|date=2 December 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last=McGregor|first=Richard|title=Global Insight: US spying risks clouding ‘five eyes’ vision|url=http://www.ft.com/intl/cms/s/0/d0873f38-d1c5-11e2-9336-00144feab7de.html|publisher=''[[Financial Times]]''|accessdate=30 August 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last=Ben Grubb|title=Mission almost impossible: keeping a step ahead of prying 'Five Eyes'|url=http://www.smh.com.au/technology/technology-news/mission-almost-impossible-keeping-a-step-ahead-of-prying-five-eyes-20131015-2vky7.html|publisher=''[[The Sydney Morning Herald]]''|accessdate=21 October 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last=Gurney|first=Matt|title=Canada Navy Spy Case|url=http://fullcomment.nationalpost.com/2012/03/28/matt-gurney-despite-their-annoyance-the-u-s-shouldnt-hold-spy-against-canada/|publisher=''National Post''|accessdate=13 August 2013}}</ref> In classification markings this is abbreviated as FVEY, with the individual countries being abbreviated as GBR, USA, CAN, AUS, and NZL respectively.<ref>Top Level Telecommunications, [http://electrospaces.blogspot.com/2013/11/five-eyes-9-eyes-and-many-more.html#cfbl-network Five Eyes, 9-Eyes and many more], 15 November 2013</ref>

Emerging from an informal agreement related to the 1941 [[Atlantic Charter]], the [[secret treaty]] was renewed with the passage of the [[1943 BRUSA Agreement]], before being officially enacted on 5 March 1946 by the United Kingdom and the United States. In the following years, it was extended to encompass Canada, Australia and New Zealand.  Other countries, known as "third parties", such as [[West Germany]], the Philippines and several [[Nordic countries]] also joined the UKUSA community.<ref name="Guardian 2010"/><ref name="Gallagher 2014-06-18">{{cite web|last=Gallagher |first= Ryan|title=How Secret Partners Expand NSA’s Surveillance Dragnet|url=https://firstlook.org/theintercept/article/2014/06/18/nsa-surveillance-secret-cable-partners-revealed-rampart-a|publisher=The Intercept|date=2014-06-19|accessdate=2014-09-27}}</ref>

Much of the sharing of information is performed via the ultra-sensitive [[STONEGHOST]] network, which has been claimed to contain "some of the Western world's most closely guarded secrets".<ref>{{cite news|last=Rob Gordon|title=Navy spy probe kept military in dark: documents|url=http://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/nova-scotia/navy-spy-probe-kept-military-in-dark-documents-1.1856151|publisher=[[Canadian Broadcasting Corporation]]|accessdate=20 October 2013|quote=The military's fears were well-founded, given Delisle had access to terabytes of some of the Western world's most closely guarded secrets. He operated a computer system called Stone Ghost, which links the intelligence services of the Five Eyes: the United States, Britain, Canada, Australia and New Zealand.}}</ref> Besides laying down rules for intelligence sharing, the agreement formalized and cemented the "[[Special Relationship]]" between the UK and the USA.<ref>{{cite news|last=Duncan Gardham|title=Document that formalised 'special relationship' with the US|url=http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/northamerica/usa/7852136/Document-that-formalised-special-relationship-with-the-US.html|publisher=''[[The Daily Telegraph]]''|accessdate=29 October 2013|date=24 June 2010}}</ref><ref name="timecoldwar"/>

Due to its status as a secret treaty, its existence was not known to the [[Prime Minister of Australia]] until 1973,<ref>{{cite web|last=Jordan Chittley and Kevin Newman|title=Canada's role in secret intelligence alliance Five Eyes|url=http://knlive.ctvnews.ca/mobile/the-knlive-hub/canada-s-role-in-secret-intelligence-alliance-five-eyes-1.1489170|publisher=[[CTV News]]|accessdate=20 October 2013}}</ref> and it was not disclosed to the public until 2005.<ref name="timecoldwar"/> On 25 June 2010, for the first time in history, the full text of the agreement was publicly released by Britain and the United States, and can now be [http://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/ukusa/ viewed online].<ref name="Guardian 2010"/><ref>{{cite web|title=Newly released GCHQ files: UKUSA Agreement|url=http://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/ukusa/|publisher=[[The National Archives (United Kingdom)|The National Archives]]|date=June 2010|quote=The files contain details of the recently avowed UKUSA Agreement – the top secret, post-war arrangement for sharing intelligence between the United States and the UK. Signed by representatives of the London Signals Intelligence Board and its American counterpart in March 1946, the UKUSA Agreement is without parallel in the Western intelligence world and formed the basis for co-operation between the two countries throughout the Cold War.}}</ref> Shortly after its release, the seven-page UKUSA Agreement was recognized by ''[[Time (magazine)|Time]]'' magazine as one of the [[Cold War]]'s most important documents, with immense historical significance.<ref name="timecoldwar">{{cite news|last=Adam White|title=How a Secret Spy Pact Helped Win the Cold War|url=http://content.time.com/time/nation/article/0,8599,2000262,00.html|publisher=''[[Time (magazine)|Time]]''|date=29 June 2010}}</ref>

Currently, the [[global surveillance disclosure]] by [[Edward Snowden]] has shown that the intelligence-sharing activities between the [[First World]] allies of the Cold War are rapidly shifting into the digital realm of the [[Internet]].<ref>{{cite news|last=MELISSA EDDY|title=For Western Allies, a Long History of Swapping Intelligence|url=http://www.nytimes.com/2013/07/10/world/europe/for-western-allies-a-long-history-of-swapping-intelligence.html|publisher=''[[The New York Times]]''|accessdate=20 October 2013|date=9 July 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last=Nathan Smith|title=The world of signals intelligence and GCSB in context|url=http://www.nbr.co.nz/article/world-signals-intelligence-and-gcsb-context-ns-129503|publisher=''[[National Business Review]]''|accessdate=20 October 2013|quote=A partnership with various telecommunications industries has secured access to the internet for the UKUSA signals agencies. All traffic on the internet and via emails is reportedly captured and stored.}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last=Alexander Abdo and Patrick Toomey|title=The NSA is turning the internet into a total surveillance system|url=http://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2013/aug/11/nsa-internet-surveillance-email|publisher=''[[The Guardian]]''|accessdate=20 October 2013}}</ref>

==History==

=== Origins (1940s–1950s) ===

{{Quote box
 |quote  =
The parties agree to the exchange of the products of the following operations relating to foreign communications:-

# Collection of traffic.
# Acquisition of communications documents and equipment.
# Traffic analysis. 
# Cryptanalysis. 
# Decryption and translation. 
# Acquisition of information regarding communications organizations, procedures, practices and equipment.

 |source = [http://www.nsa.gov/public_info/_files/ukusa/new_ukusa_agree_10may55.pdf AMENDMENT NO. 4 TO THE APPENDICES TO THE UKUSA AGREEMENT (THIRD EDITION)], page 5
}}

The agreement originated from a ten-page British–U.S. Communication Intelligence Agreement, also known as BRUSA, that connected the signal intercept networks of the U.K. [[Government Communications Headquarters]] (GCHQ) and the U.S. [[National Security Agency]] (NSA) at the beginning of the [[Cold War]]. The document was signed on 5 March 1946 by Colonel Patrick Marr-Johnson for the U.K.'s London Signals Intelligence Board and Lieutenant General [[Hoyt Vandenberg]] for the U.S. State–Army–Navy Communication Intelligence Board. Although the original agreement states that the exchange would not be "prejudicial to national interests", the United States often blocked information sharing from [[Commonwealth of Nations|Commonwealth]] countries. The full text of the agreement was released to the public on 25 June 2010.<ref name="Guardian 2010">{{cite news|last=Norton-Taylor|first=Richard|title=Not so secret: deal at the heart of UK-US intelligence|url=http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2010/jun/25/intelligence-deal-uk-us-released|work=[[The Guardian]]|date=25 June 2010|accessdate=25 June 2010}}</ref>

The "[[Five Eyes]]" term has its origins as a shorthand for a "AUS/CAN/NZ/UK/US EYES ONLY" classification level.<ref name="fiveeyes1"/>

=== Onset of the Cold War (1950s–1960s) ===
Under the agreement, the GCHQ and the NSA shared intelligence on the [[Soviet Union]], the People's Republic of China, and several eastern European countries (known as Exotics).<ref>{{cite news|last=Aldrich|first=Richard|title=Allied code-breakers co-operate – but not always| url=http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2010/jun/24/intelligence-sharing-codebreakers-agreement-ukusa| work=[[The Guardian]]|date=24 June 2010|accessdate=25 June 2010}}</ref> The network was expanded in the 1960s into the [[Echelon (signals intelligence)|Echelon]] collection and analysis network.<ref>{{cite news|last=Gardham|first=Duncan|title=Document that formalised 'special relationship' with the US|url=http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/northamerica/usa/7852136/Document-that-formalised-special-relationship-with-the-US.html|work=[[The Daily Telegraph]]|date=24 June 2010|accessdate=25 June 2010}}</ref>

In 1948, the treaty was extended to include Canada, followed by Norway (1952), Denmark (1954), [[West Germany]] (1955), Australia (1956), and New Zealand (1956). These countries participated as "third parties". In 1955, the agreement was updated with Canada, Australia, and New Zealand regarded as "UKUSA-collaborating [[Commonwealth]] countries".<ref name=norton5>{{cite web|last=Norton-Taylor|first=Richard|title=Not so secret: deal at the heart of UK-US intelligence|url=http://www.theguardian.com/world/2010/jun/25/intelligence-deal-uk-us-released|publisher=''[[The Guardian]]''|accessdate=27 January 2014|date=25 June 2010}}</ref>

=== Investigations (1970-90s) ===
[[File:Whitlam1955.jpg|thumb|[[Gough Whitlam]], the first [[Prime Minister of Australia|Australian Prime Minister]] to learn about the UKUSA Agreement]]

In the aftermath of the [[1973 Murphy raids]] on the headquarters of the [[Australian Security Intelligence Organisation]] (ASIO), the existence of the UKUSA Agreement was revealed to Australia's Prime Minister [[Gough Whitlam]]. After learning about the agreement, Whitlam discovered that [[Pine Gap]], a secret surveillance station close to Alice Springs, Australia, had been operated by the U.S. [[Central Intelligence Agency]] (CIA).<ref>{{cite news|last=Ley|first=Jenny|title=Australia and America: a 50-year affair|url=http://www.theage.com.au/articles/2003/01/31/1043804523405.html|publisher=''[[The Age]]''|accessdate=30 January 2014|date=1 February 2003}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Gill|first=Peter|title=Policing Politics: Security Intelligence and the Liberal Democratic State|year=1994|publisher=Cass|location=London u.a.|isbn=0714634905|page=198|edition=1. publ.}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last=Leslie| first=Tim|title=Explained: Australia's involvement with the NSA, the US spy agency at heart of global scandal|url=http://www.abc.net.au/news/2013-11-08/australian-nsa-involvement-explained/5079786|quote=Its existence was allegedly so secret that prime ministers were unaware of the agreement until 1973 – the same year the Commonwealth raided ASIO|publisher=[[Australian Broadcasting Corporation]]|accessdate=30 January 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Pugh|first=Michael C.|title=The ANZUS Crisis, Nuclear Visiting and Deterrence|year=1989|publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]]|location=Cambridge|isbn=0521343550|page=46|edition=1. publ.}}</ref>

At the height of the [[1975 Australian constitutional crisis]], the use and control of Pine Gap by the CIA was strongly opposed by Whitlam, who fired the chief of the ASIO, before being dismissed as Prime Minister.<ref>{{cite web|last=Campbell|first=Duncan|title=Australia first to admit "we're part of global surveillance system"|url=http://www.heise.de/tp/artikel/2/2889/1.html|publisher=[[Heise Online]]|accessdate=30 January 2014|date=28 May 1999}}</ref>

The existence of several intelligence agencies of the [[Five Eyes]] was not revealed until the following years:

*'''1970s''': In Canada, an investigative television report revealed the existence of the [[Communications Security Establishment Canada]] (CSEC).<ref>{{cite web|last=Freeze|first=Colin|title=How CSEC became an electronic spying giant|url=http://m.theglobeandmail.com/news/politics/how-csec-became-an-electronic-spying-giant/article15699694/?service=mobile|publisher=''[[The Globe and Mail]]''|accessdate=2 February 2014|date=30 November 2013}}</ref>

* '''1975''': In the United States, the [[Church Committee]] of the Senate revealed the existence of the [[National Security Agency]] (NSA).<ref>{{cite web|last=Schorr|first=Daniel|title=A Brief History of the NSA|url=http://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=5176847|publisher=[[NPR]]|accessdate=2 February 2014|date=29 January 2006}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last=Ewen MacAskill, Julian Borger and Glenn Greenwald|title=The National Security Agency: surveillance giant with eyes on America|url=http://www.theguardian.com/world/2013/jun/06/national-security-agency-surveillance|publisher=''[[The Guardian]]''|accessdate=2 February 2014|date=6 June 2013}}</ref>

* '''1976''': In Britain, an investigative article in ''[[Time Out (magazine)|Time Out]]'' magazine revealed the existence of the [[Government Communications Headquarters]] (GCHQ).<ref>{{cite news
 | url=http://www.theguardian.com/uk-news/2013/aug/21/surveillance-secrecy-gchq
 | title=Surveillance secrecy: the legacy of GCHQ's years under cover
 | work=The Guardian
 | date=21 August 2013
 | accessdate=30 November 2013
 | author=Norton-Taylor, Richard
 | quote=GCHQ's cover was first blown in 1976 by an article, The Eavesdroppers, published by the London magazine, Time Out.}}</ref>

* '''1977''': In Australia, the [[Hope Commission]] revealed the existence of [[Australian Secret Intelligence Service]] (ASIS) and the [[Defence Signals Directorate]] (DSD).<ref>{{cite web|title=Royal Commission on Intelligence and Security|url=http://www.naa.gov.au/about-us/media/images/rcis/index.aspx|publisher=[[National Archives of Australia]]|accessdate=2 February 2014|quote=But Justice Hope also investigated the Joint Intelligence Organisation (JIO), the Defence Signals Division (DSD) and the Australian Secret Intelligence Service (ASIS) whose existence was not officially confirmed until 1977.}}</ref>

* '''1980''': In New Zealand, the existence of the [[Government Communications Security Bureau]] (GCSB) was officially disclosed on a "limited basis".<ref>{{cite web|title=History of the GCSB|url=http://www.gcsb.govt.nz/about-us/history.html|publisher=[[Government Communications Security Bureau]]|accessdate=2 February 2014|quote=In 1977, the then Prime Minister, Robert Muldoon, approved the formation of the GCSB, but its functions and activities were kept secret.  In 1980 it was decided that the existence of the GCSB could be disclosed on a limited basis, leading to the first briefings of the Cabinet and the Leader of the Opposition.}}</ref>

In 1999, the Australian government acknowledged that it "does co-operate with counterpart signals intelligence organisations overseas under the UKUSA relationship."<ref>{{cite web|last=Duncan Campbell and Mark Honigsbaum|title=Britain and US spy on world|url=http://www.theguardian.com/uk/1999/may/23/duncancampbell.markhonigsbaum|publisher=''[[The Observer]]''|accessdate=19 December 2013|date=23 May 1999}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=NZ role with global spying alliance|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=UKUSA_Agreement&action=submit|publisher=''[[The New Zealand Herald]]''|accessdate=30 January 2014|date=24 May 1999}}</ref>

The existence of the UKUSA Agreement, however, was not publicly revealed until 2005.<ref name="timecoldwar"/> The contents of the agreement were officially disclosed to the public on 25 June 2010. Four days later, the agreement was described by ''[[Time (magazine)|Time]]'' magazine as one of the "most important documents in the history of the [[Cold War]]."<ref name="timecoldwar"/>

=== Recent media leaks ===

In July 2013, as part of the [[2013 mass surveillance disclosures|2013 Edward Snowden revelations]], it emerged that the NSA is paying GCHQ for its services, with at least £100 million of payments made between 2010 and 2013.<ref>[http://www.theguardian.com/uk-news/2013/aug/01/nsa-paid-gchq-spying-edward-snowden NSA pays £100m in secret funding for GCHQ], ''[[The Guardian]]'', 1 August 2013. Retrieved 2 Aug 2013.</ref>

On 11 September 2013, ''[[The Guardian]]'' released a [[2013 mass surveillance disclosures|leaked document provided by Edward Snowden]] which reveals a similar agreement between the NSA and Israel's [[Unit 8200]].<ref>{{cite web|author=Glenn Greenwald, Laura Poitras and Ewen MacAskill |url=http://www.theguardian.com/world/2013/sep/11/nsa-americans-personal-data-israel-documents |title=NSA shares raw intelligence including Americans' data with Israel &#124; World news |publisher=The Guardian |date= |accessdate=2014-07-09}}</ref>

According to ''[[The Sydney Morning Herald]]'', Australia operates clandestine surveillance facilities at its embassies "without the knowledge of most Australian diplomats". These facilities are part of an international espionage program known as '''[[Stateroom (surveillance program)|STATEROOM]]'''.<ref>{{cite news|last=Philip Dorling|title=Exposed: Australia's Asia spy network|url=http://www.smh.com.au/federal-politics/political-news/exposed-australias-asia-spy-network-20131030-2whia.html|accessdate=22 December 2013|publisher=''[[The Sydney Morning Herald]]''|date=31 October 2013}}</ref>

== Security and intelligence agencies ==
Although the UKUSA alliance is often associated with the [[ECHELON]] system, processed intelligence is reliant on multiple sources of information and the intelligence shared is not restricted to [[signals intelligence]]. The following table provides an overview of the government agencies involved and their respective responsibilities within the "'''Five Eyes'''" community:<ref name="fiveeyes1"/>

{|class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
|-
! Country
! [[Signals intelligence]]
! Defence intelligence
! Security intelligence
! [[Human intelligence (intelligence collection)|Human intelligence]]
|-
|{{flagu|United Kingdom}}
|[[Government Communications Headquarters]] (GCHQ)
|[[Defence Intelligence]] (DI)
|[[British Security Service|Security Service]] (MI5)
|[[Secret Intelligence Service]] (MI6)
|-
|{{flagu|United States}}
|[[National Security Agency]] (NSA)
|[[Defense Intelligence Agency]] (DIA)
|[[Federal Bureau of Investigation]] (FBI)
|[[Central Intelligence Agency]] (CIA)
|-
|{{flagu|Australia}}
|[[Australian Signals Directorate]] (ASD)
|[[Defence Intelligence Organisation|DIO]]
|[[Australian Security Intelligence Organisation|ASIO]]
|[[Australian Secret Intelligence Service|ASIS]]
|-
|{{flagu|Canada}}
|[[Communications Security Establishment Canada]] (CSEC)
|[[Chief of Defence Intelligence (Canada)|CDI]]
|[[Canadian Security Intelligence Service|CSIS]]
|[[Canadian Security Intelligence Service|CSIS]]
|-
|{{flagu|New Zealand}}
|[[Government Communications Security Bureau]] (GCSB)
|[[Directorate of Defence Intelligence and Security|DDIS]]
|[[New Zealand Security Intelligence Service|SIS]]
|[[New Zealand Security Intelligence Service|SIS]]
|}

==Global coverage==
{{Global surveillance}}
Although precise assignments are classified, it is generally known that each member of the UKUSA alliance takes lead responsibility for intelligence collection and analysis in different parts of the globe.

=== Five Eyes ===
{{main|Five Eyes}}
The '''"Five Eyes"''', often abbreviated as "'''FVEY'''", refer to an [[Intelligence assessment|intelligence]] alliance comprising Australia, Canada, New Zealand, the United Kingdom and the United States. These countries are bound by the multilateral UKUSA Agreement, a treaty for joint cooperation in [[signals intelligence]].<ref name="fiveeyes1">{{cite web|last=Cox|first=James|title=Canada and the Five Eyes Intelligence Community|url=http://www.cdfai.org/PDF/Canada%20and%20the%20Five%20Eyes%20Intelligence%20Community.pdf|publisher=[[Canadian Defence and Foreign Affairs Institute]]|date=December 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Five Eyes|url=http://usacac.army.mil/cac2/call/thesaurus/toc.asp?id=37622|publisher=[[United States Army Combined Arms Center]]|accessdate=18 January 2014|archivedate=18 January 2014 |archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/6MicvdCtb}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=PKI Interoperability with FVEY Partner Nations on the NIPRNet|url=http://www.doncio.navy.mil/ContentView.aspx?ID=3978|publisher=United States Department of the Navy|accessdate=18 January 2014|archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/6Micdat2m|archivedate=18 January 2014}}</ref>

====Australia====
Australia monitors South Asia and East Asia.<ref name="fiveeyes1"/>

====Canada====
Canada's geographical proximity to the [[Soviet Union]] provided considerable eavesdropping advantages during the [[Cold War]].  Canada continues to monitor the Russian and Chinese interior while managing intelligence assets in Latin America.<ref name="fiveeyes1"/>

====New Zealand====
[[Image:Waihopai.jpg|thumb|right|The Waihopai Valley Facility – base of the New Zealand branch of the ECHELON Program.]]

In addition to Southeast Asia, New Zealand is responsible for the western [[Pacific ocean|Pacific]]<ref name="fiveeyes1"/> and maintains listening posts in the [[South Island]] at [[GCSB Waihopai|Waihopai Valley]] just south-west of [[Blenheim, New Zealand|Blenheim]], and on the [[North Island]] at [[GCSB Tangimoana|Tangimoana]].

====United Kingdom====
Europe, [[European Russia]], Middle East and Hong Kong.<ref name="fiveeyes1"/>

====United States====
The US is focused on the Middle East, China, and Russia, in addition to the [[Caribbean]] and Africa.<ref name="fiveeyes1"/>

=== 9 Eyes, 14 Eyes, and other "third parties" ===

[[File:NSA Nato alliance.jpg|thumb|400px|This diagram depicts the relationship between the U.S. [[National Security Agency]] (NSA) and the so-called "second parties", which comprises the UKUSA community, and the "third parties" made up of members of the [[North Atlantic Treaty Organization]] (NATO) and other [[Western allies]]:
<br/>
'''NSA and second parties'''—Extensive mutual sharing of [[signals intelligence]]<ref name="businesweeknsa">{{cite web|title=They're Listening To Your Calls|url=http://www.businessweek.com/stories/1999-05-30/theyre-listening-to-your-calls|publisher=''[[Bloomberg Businessweek]]''|date=30 May 1999}}</ref>
<br/>
'''NSA and third parties'''—Signals intelligence is funelled to the NSA in exchange for surveillance technology and cash<ref name="businesweeknsa"/>
]]
The "Five Eyes" community is part of an extensive alliance of [[Western world|Western democracies]] sharing [[signals intelligence]] with each other. These allied countries include [[NATO]] members, other European democracies such as Sweden, and allies in the Pacific, in particular Singapore and South Korea.<ref name="fiveeyes1"/><ref name="Gallagher 2014-06-18" />

In the 1950s several Nordic countries joined the community as "third party" participants. They were soon followed by Denmark (1954) and [[West Germany]] (1955).<ref name="Guardian 2010"/><ref name="Gallagher 2014-06-18" /><ref>{{cite web|last=Duncan Campbell|title=Inside Echelon|url=http://www.heise.de/tp/artikel/6/6929/1.html|publisher=[[Heinz Heise]]|accessdate=25 July 2000|quote=The system was established under a secret 1947 "UKUSA Agreement," which brought together the British and American systems, personnel and stations. To this was soon joined the networks of three British commonwealth countries, Canada, Australia and New Zealand. Later, other countries including Norway, Denmark, Germany and Turkey signed secret sigint agreements with the United States and became "third parties" participants in the UKUSA network.}}</ref>

According to [[Edward Snowden]], the NSA has a "massive body" called the [[Foreign Affairs Directorate]] that is responsible for partnering with other [[Western allies]] such as Israel.<ref>{{cite web|title=Edward Snowden Interview: The NSA and Its Willing Helpers|url=http://www.spiegel.de/international/world/interview-with-whistleblower-edward-snowden-on-global-spying-a-910006.html|publisher=''[[Der Spiegel]]''|accessdate=20 October 2013}}</ref>

Unlike the "second party" members (that is, the Five Eyes themselves), "third party" partners are not automatically exempt from intelligence targeting. According to an internal NSA document leaked by Snowden, "We (the NSA) can, and often do, target the signals of most 3rd party foreign partners."<ref>{{cite web|last=Laura Poitras, Marcel Rosenbach and Holger Stark|title=Ally and Target: US Intelligence Watches Germany Closely|url=http://www.spiegel.de/international/world/germany-is-a-both-a-partner-to-and-a-target-of-nsa-surveillance-a-916029.html|work=[[Der Spiegel]]|accessdate=29 August 2013|quote=The NSA classifies about 30 other countries as "3rd parties," with whom it cooperates, though with reservations. Germany is one of them. "We can, and often do, target the signals of most 3rd party foreign partners," the secret NSA document reads.}}</ref>

The Five Eyes are cooperating with various 3rd Party countries in at least two groups:
* The "Nine Eyes", consisting of the Five Eyes plus Denmark, France, the Netherlands and Norway.
* The "Fourteen Eyes", consisting of the same countries as the Nine Eyes plus Germany, Belgium, Italy, Spain and Sweden.<ref>Ewen MacAskill and James Ball (2 November 2013), [http://www.theguardian.com/world/2013/nov/02/nsa-portrait-total-surveillance Portrait of the NSA: no detail too small in quest for total surveillance] ''[[The Guardian]]''</ref> The actual name of this group is SIGINT Seniors Europe (SSEUR) and its purpose is coordinating the exchange of military signals intelligence among its members.<ref>Top Level Telecommunications, [http://electrospaces.blogspot.nl/2013/12/14-eyes-are-3rd-party-partners-forming.html 14-Eyes are 3rd Party partners forming the SIGINT Seniors Europe], 15 December 2013</ref>

Germany is reportedly interested in moving closer to the inner circle: an internal GCHQ document from 2009 said that the “Germans were a little grumpy at not being invited to join the 9-Eyes group."  Germany may even wish to join Five Eyes.<ref>David Sanger and Mark Mazzetti (24 October 2013), [http://www.nytimes.com/2013/10/25/world/europe/allegation-of-us-spying-on-merkel-puts-obama-at-crossroads.html Allegation of U.S. Spying on Merkel Puts Obama at Crossroads] ''[[The New York Times]]</ref> Referring to Five Eyes, French President [[François Hollande]] has said that his country is "not within that framework and we don't intend to join."<ref>Bruno Waterfield (25 October 2013), [http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/europe/france/10405936/EU-leaders-warn-US-spying-could-harm-fight-against-terror.html EU leaders warn US 'spying' could harm fight against terror] ''[[The Daily Telegraph]]''</ref> According to a former top U.S. official, "Germany joining would be a possibility, but not France – France itself spies on the US far too aggressively for that."<ref>Gregor Peter Schmitz (28 October 2013), [http://www.spiegel.de/international/europe/germany-impedes-eu-privacy-efforts-despite-outrage-at-nsa-spying-a-930488.html Appearances and Reality: Merkel Balks at EU Privacy Push] ''[[Der Spiegel]]''</ref>

==Controversy==
{{NSA surveillance}}
During the [[2013 NSA leaks]] Internet spying scandal, the surveillance agencies of the "Five Eyes" have been accused of intentionally spying on one another's citizens and willingly sharing the collected information with each other, allegedly circumventing laws preventing each agency from spying on its own citizens.<ref>[http://www.guardian.co.uk/uk/2013/jun/21/gchq-cables-secret-world-communications-nsa GCHQ taps fibre-optic cables for secret access to world's communications], ''[[The Guardian]]'', 21 June 2013. Retrieved July 2013.</ref><ref>[http://www.guardian.co.uk/politics/2013/jun/10/nsa-offers-intelligence-british-counterparts-blunkett NSA 'offers intelligence to British counterparts to skirt UK law'], ''[[The Guardian]]'', 10 June 2013. Retrieved July 2013.</ref><ref>[http://www.guardian.co.uk/politics/blog/2013/jun/10/cameron-speech-gchq-nsa-hague-live GCHQ-NSA revelations – Hague responds: politics blog], ''[[The Guardian]]'', 10 June 2013, Retrieved July 2013.</ref><ref>[http://uk.reuters.com/article/2013/06/21/uk-usa-security-britain-idUKBRE95K10620130621 British spy agency taps cables, shares with U.S. NSA – Guardian], ''[[Reuters]]'', 21 June 2013. Retrieved July 2013.</ref>

The 2013 NSA leaks are not entirely new, but rather, they are a confirmation of earlier disclosures about the UK-USA espionage alliance. For example, the British newspaper ''[[The Independent]]'' reported back in 1996 that the U.S. [[National Security Agency]] "taps UK phones" at the request of the British intelligence agency [[MI5]], thus allowing British agents to evade restrictive limitations on domestic telephone tapping.<ref>{{cite news|last=Chris Blackhurst and John Gilbert|title=US spy base 'taps UK phones for MI5'|url=http://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/home-news/us-spy-base-taps-uk-phones-for-mi5-1364399.html|publisher=''[[The Independent]]''|date=22 September 1996}}</ref>

The mutual surveillance and sharing of information between allies of the UK and USA resurfaced again during the [[2013 mass surveillance disclosures]]. As described by the news magazine ''[[Der Spiegel]]'', this was done to circumvent domestic surveillance regulations:

<blockquote>
"Britain's GCHQ intelligence agency can spy on anyone but British nationals, the NSA can conduct surveillance on anyone but Americans, and Germany's BND ([[Bundesnachrichtendienst]]) foreign intelligence agency can spy on anyone but Germans. That's how a matrix is created of boundless surveillance in which each partner aids in a division of roles.

They exchanged information. And they worked together extensively. That applies to the British and the Americans, but also to the BND, which assists the NSA in its Internet surveillance."<ref>{{cite web|last=Laura Poitras, Marcel Rosenbach, Fidelius Schmid, Holger Stark and Jonathan Stock|title=Cover Story: How the NSA Targets Germany and Europe|url=http://www.spiegel.de/international/world/secret-documents-nsa-targeted-germany-and-eu-buildings-a-908609.html|publisher=''[[Der Spiegel]]''|accessdate=20 October 2013}}</ref></blockquote>

According to ''[[The Guardian]]'', the "Five Eyes" community is an exclusive club where new members "do not seem to be welcome":

{{quotation|
''It does not matter how senior you are, and how close a friend you think you are to [[Washington, D.C.|Washington]] or London, your communications could easily be being shared among the handful of [[White people|white]], [[Anglosphere|English-speaking]] nations with membership privileges.''<ref>{{cite web|last=Julian Borger|title=Merkel spying claim: with allies like these, who needs enemies?|url=http://www.theguardian.com/world/2013/oct/23/merkel-nsa-phone-allies-enemies|publisher=''[[The Guardian]]''|accessdate=23 October 2013}}</ref> }}

In 2013, Canadian federal judge [[Richard Mosley]] strongly rebuked the [[Canadian Security Intelligence Service]] ('''CSIS''') for outsourcing its surveillance of Canadians to overseas partner agencies. A 51-page ruling says that the CSIS and other Canadian federal agencies are illegally enlisting U.S. and British allies in [[global surveillance]] dragnets, while keeping domestic federal courts in the dark.<ref>{{cite news|last=Colin Freeze|title=Canada's spy agencies chastised for duping courts|url=http://www.theglobeandmail.com/news/politics/canadas-spy-agencies-chastised-for-duping-courts/article16081238/|accessdate=27 December 2013|newspaper=''[[The Globe and Mail]]''|date=20 December 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last=Ian MacLeod|title=CSIS asked foreign agencies to spy on Canadians, kept court in dark, judge says|url=http://www.ottawacitizen.com/news/CSIS+asked+foreign+agencies+Canadians+kept+court+dark+judge+says/9312615/story.html|publisher=''[[Ottawa Citizen]]''|accessdate=27 December 2013|date=20 December 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last=Stewart Bell|title=Court rebukes CSIS for secretly asking international allies to spy on Canadian terror suspects travelling abroad|url=http://news.nationalpost.com/2013/11/25/court-rebukes-csis-for-secretly-asking-international-allies-to-spy-on-canadian-terror-suspects/|publisher=''[[National Post]]''|accessdate=27 December 2013|date=25 November 2013}}</ref>
<!-- 
== List of global surveillance programs ==
{{main|Global surveillance}}
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
|-
!colspan="4" style="background: #ffdead;" |[[Global surveillance]] programs
|-
! Program
! International contributors and/or partners
! Commercial partners
|-
|align="left" width="120" | {{flagicon|USA}} '''[[PRISM (surveillance program)|PRISM]]'''
|
*{{flagicon|AUS}} [[Australian Signals Directorate]] (ASD/DSD) of Australia<ref>{{cite news|last=Philip Dorling|title=Australia gets 'deluge' of US secret data, prompting a new data facility|url=http://www.smh.com.au/it-pro/government-it/australia-gets-deluge-of-us-secret-data-prompting-a-new-data-facility-20130612-2o4kf.html|publisher=''[[The Sydney Morning Herald]]''|accessdate=22 December 2013|date=13 June 2013}}</ref> 
*{{flagicon|GBR}} [[Government Communications Headquarters]] (GCHQ) of Great Britain<ref>{{cite web|last=Nick Hopkins|title=UK gathering secret intelligence via covert NSA operation|url=http://www.theguardian.com/technology/2013/jun/07/uk-gathering-secret-intelligence-nsa-prism|publisher=''[[The Guardian]]''|accessdate=22 December 2013|date=7 June 2013}}</ref> 
*{{flagicon|Netherlands}} [[Algemene Inlichtingen en Veiligheidsdienst]] (AIVD) of the Netherlands<ref>{{cite web|last=Olmer|first=Bart|title=Ook AIVD bespiedt internetter|url=http://www.telegraaf.nl/binnenland/21638965/__Ook_AIVD_bespiedt_internetter__.html|publisher=''[[De Telegraaf]]''|accessdate=10 September 2013|language=Dutch|quote=Niet alleen Amerikaanse inlichtingendiensten monitoren internetters wereldwijd. Ook Nederlandse geheime diensten krijgen informatie uit het omstreden surveillanceprogramma 'Prism'.}}</ref>
|
*[[Microsoft]]<ref name="guardian130711">{{cite news|author=[[Glenn Greenwald]], Ewen MacAskill, [[Laura Poitras]], [[Spencer Ackerman]] and Dominic Rushe| title=Revealed: how Microsoft handed the NSA access to encrypted messages|work=[[The Guardian]]|url=http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2013/jul/11/microsoft-nsa-collaboration-user-data|accessdate=11 July 2013|date=11 July 2013}}</ref>
|-
|align="left"| {{flagicon|USA}} '''[[XKeyscore]]'''
|
*{{flagicon|GER}} [[Bundesnachrichtendienst]] (BND) of Germany<ref name="bndspiegelxkeys1">{{cite web|last=René Pfister, [[Laura Poitras]], Marcel Rosenbach, Jörg Schindler and Holger Stark|title=German Intelligence Worked Closely with NSA on Data Surveillance|url=http://www.spiegel.de/international/world/german-intelligence-worked-closely-with-nsa-on-data-surveillance-a-912355.html|publisher=''[[Der Spiegel]]''|accessdate=22 December 2013}}</ref> 
*{{flagicon|GER}} [[Bundesamt für Verfassungsschutz]] (BfV) of Germany<ref name="bndspiegelxkeys1"/>
*{{flagicon|Sweden}} [[Försvarets radioanstalt]] (FRA) of Sweden<ref name=svtsnowd1>{{cite web|author= Gunnar Rensfeldt |title=Read the Snowden Documents From the NSA|url=http://www.svt.se/ug/read-the-snowden-documents-from-the-nsa|publisher=[[Sveriges Television]]|accessdate=12 December 2013}}</ref>

|
|-
|align="left"| {{flagicon|GBR}} '''[[Tempora]]'''
|
*{{flagicon|USA}} U.S. [[National Security Agency]] (NSA)<ref>{{cite web|last=Nick Hopkins and Julian Borger|title=Exclusive: NSA pays £100m in secret funding for GCHQ|url=http://www.theguardian.com/uk-news/2013/aug/01/nsa-paid-gchq-spying-edward-snowden|publisher=''[[The Guardian]]''|accessdate=22 December 2013|date=1 August 2013}}</ref><ref name="Guardian">{{cite news| author =
Ewen MacAskill; Julian Borger; Nick Hopkins; Nick Davies; James Ball | url = http://www.guardian.co.uk/uk/2013/jun/21/gchq-cables-secret-world-communications-nsa  | title = GCHQ taps fibre-optic cables for secret access to world's communications | work = [[The Guardian]] | date = 21 June 2013 | accessdate = 21 June 2013}}</ref> 
| 
*[[British Telecommunications]] (codenamed "'''Remedy'''")<ref name=gtbp>{{cite web|last=James Ball, Luke Harding and Juliette Garside|title=BT and Vodafone among telecoms companies passing details to GCHQ|url=http://www.theguardian.com/business/2013/aug/02/telecoms-bt-vodafone-cables-gchq|publisher=''[[The Guardian]]''|accessdate=22 December 2013}}</ref> 
*[[Interoute]] (codenamed "'''Streetcar'''")<ref name=gtbp/>
*[[Level 3 Communications|Level 3]] (codenamed "'''Little'''")<ref name=gtbp/>
*[[Global Crossing]] (codenamed "'''Pinnage'''")<ref name=gtbp/>
*[[Verizon Business]] (codenamed "'''Dacron'''")<ref name=gtbp/>
*[[Viatel]] (codenamed "'''Vitreous'''")<ref name=gtbp/>
* [[Vodafone|Vodafone Cable]] (codenamed "'''Gerontic'''")<ref name=gtbp/>
|-
| align="left"|{{flagicon|GBR}} '''[[Muscular (surveillance program)|Muscular]]'''
|
*{{flagicon|USA}} NSA<ref name="How we know">{{cite news|url=http://www.washingtonpost.com/blogs/the-switch/wp/2013/11/04/how-we-know-the-nsa-had-access-to-internal-google-and-yahoo-cloud-data/|title=How we know the NSA had access to internal Google and Yahoo cloud data|first1=Barton|last1=Gellman|first2=Ashkan|last2=Soltani|first3=Andrea|last3=Peterson|work=[[The Washington Post]]|date=4 November 2013|accessdate=5 November 2013}}</ref>
|-
| align="left"|{{flagicon|GER}} '''Mira4 '''
|
*{{flagicon|USA}} NSA<ref name="SpiegelMetadata">{{cite news|url=http://www.spiegel.de/netzwelt/netzpolitik/bnd-leitet-laut-spiegel-massenhaft-metadaten-an-die-nsa-weiter-a-914682.html|title =Überwachung: BND leitet massenhaft Metadaten an die NSA weiter|date=3 August 2013|work=[[Der Spiegel]]|language=German|accessdate=3 August 2013}}</ref>
| 
|-
| align="left"|{{flagicon|GER}} '''Veras'''
|
*{{flagicon|USA}} NSA<ref name="SpiegelMetadata"/>
| 
|-
| align="left"|{{flagicon|GER}} '''[[Project 6]]'''
|
*{{flagicon|USA}} U.S. [[Central Intelligence Agency]] (CIA)<ref name="p6spiegel">{{cite web|last=Matthias Gebauer, Hubert Gude, Veit Medick, Jörg Schindler and Fidelius Schmid|title=CIA Worked With BND and BfV in Neuss on Secret Project|url=http://www.spiegel.de/international/germany/cia-worked-with-bnd-and-bfv-in-neuss-on-secret-project-a-921254.html|publisher=''[[Der Spiegel]]''|accessdate=20 December 2013}}</ref>
|
|-
| align="left"|'''[[Stateroom (surveillance program)|Stateroom]]'''
|
*{{flagicon|Australia}} [[Australian Signals Directorate|DSD]]<ref>{{cite news|last=Philip Dorling|title=Exposed: Australia's Asia spy network|url=http://www.smh.com.au/federal-politics/political-news/exposed-australias-asia-spy-network-20131030-2whia.html|publisher=''[[The Sydney Morning Herald]]''|accessdate=23 December 2013|date=31 October 2013}}</ref><ref name="spiegelstate">{{cite web|title=Photo Gallery: Spies in the Embassy|url=http://www.spiegel.de/fotostrecke/photo-gallery-spies-in-the-embassy-fotostrecke-103079-6.html|publisher=''[[Der Spiegel]]''|accessdate=22 December 2013}}</ref>
*{{flagicon|Canada}} [[Communications Security Establishment Canada]] (CSEC)<ref name="spiegelstate"/><ref>{{cite news|last=Colin Freeze|title=Canadian embassies eavesdrop, leak says|url=http://www.theglobeandmail.com/news/world/canada-involved-in-us-spying-efforts-abroad-leaked-document-says/article15133508/|publisher=''[[The Globe and Mail]]''|accessdate=23 December 2013|date=29 October 2013}}</ref>
*{{flagicon|United Kingdom}} GCHQ<ref name="spiegelstate"/><ref name=independentstateroom>{{cite news|last=Duncan Campbell , Cahal Milmo , Kim Sengupta , Nigel Morris , Tony Patterson|title=Revealed: Britain's 'secret listening post in the heart of Berlin'|url=http://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/home-news/revealed-britains-secret-listening-post-in-the-heart-of-berlin-8921548.html|publisher=''[[The Independent]]''|accessdate=22 December 2013|date=5 November 2013}}</ref>
*{{flagicon|United States}} [[Special Collection Service]] (SCS) of the NSA and the CIA<ref name="spiegelstate"/><ref name=independentstateroom/>
|
|-
|}
-->

== Gallery ==

===Officially released===
The following documents were jointly released by the NSA and the GCHQ in 2010:

<gallery>
Image:UKUSA1.jpg|Cover page of the 1946 UKUSA Agreement
Image:UKUSA Agreement 1946.jpg|Signatures of the [[Chief of staff|Chiefs of staff]] of Britain and America (March 1946)
Image:UKUSA top secret.jpg|Text under the [[Top Secret]] heading: "''To be kept under lock and key: Never to be removed from office.''" (Appendix F)
Image:UKUSA Washington.jpg|Photograph of British [[Cryptanalysis|cryptoanalysts]] [[Harry Hinsley]], Sir [[Edward Travis]], and [[John Tiltman]]
</gallery>

=== Disclosed by Edward Snowden ===
{{Expand section|date=October 2013}}
The following documents were leaked by [[Edward Snowden]] during the course of the [[2013 Global surveillance disclosure]]:
<gallery>
Image:NSA Norway.jpg|NSA's relationship with Norway's [[Norwegian Intelligence Service|NIS]] (April 2013)
Image:Nsa-internal-pm-on-fra-and-sweden-relations.pdf|NSA's relationship with Sweden's [[National Defence Radio Establishment (Sweden)|FRA]] under the UKUSA Agreement (April 2013)
Image:Israel Memorandum of Understanding SIGINT.pdf|Details of NSA's agreement to share personal data of U.S. citizens with Israel's [[Unit 8200|ISNU]]
Image:BND XKeyscore.jpg|NSA document reveals the German [[Bundesnachrichtendienst|BND]]'s usage of the NSA's '''[[XKeyscore]]''' to provide "unique contributions"
Image:NSA Canada G8 G20.pdf|NSA document on a joint espionage operation with Canada's [[Communications Security Establishment Canada|CSEC]] agency during the [[G8]] and [[G-20 major economies|G20]] summits in [[Toronto]] in 2010
Image:NSA Canada relationship.pdf|NSA's relationship with Canada's [[Communications Security Establishment Canada|CSEC]]
Image:Notes for Dutch SIGINT-Cyber Analytic Exchange.jpg|Summary of a meeting held in February 2013 between the NSA and the Dutch intelligence services [[Algemene Inlichtingen en Veiligheidsdienst|AIVD]] and [[Dutch Military Intelligence and Security Service|MIVD]]

</gallery>

==See also==
* [[ABCA Armies]]
* [[Air and Space Interoperability Council]] (air forces)
* [[AUSCANNZUKUS]] (navies)
* [[Collective intelligence]]
* [[Combined Communications Electronics Board]] (communication-electronics)
* [[Five Eyes]] (intelligence)
* [[Five Nations Passport Group]]
* [[Signals intelligence by alliances, nations and industries]]
* [[Special Relationship]]
* [[The Technical Cooperation Program]] (technology and science)

==References==
{{reflist|30em}}

==Further reading==
{{refbegin|30em}}
*Bryden, John. ''Best Kept Secret: Canadian Secret Intelligence in the Second World War.'' Toronto: [[Lester Publishing]], 1993, ISBN 1895555299.
*{{citation|last1=Coxsedge|first1=Joan|last2=Coldicutt|first2=Ken|last3=Harant|first3=Gerry|year= 1982|title=Rooted in secrecy: the clandestine element in Australian politics|publisher=Committee for the Abolition of Political Police|page=[http://books.google.com/books?id=FEYMAQAAIAAJ&q=Quadripartite+Agreement+(1947)+signals+intelligence&dq=Quadripartite+Agreement+(1947)+signals+intelligence 101]}}
*Frost, Mike and Michel Gratton. ''Spyworld: Inside the Canadian and American Intelligence Establishments.'' Toronto: [[Doubleday Canada]], 1994.
*Hamilton, Dwight. ''Inside Canadian Intelligence: Exposing the New Realities of Espionage and International Terrorism.'' Toronto: [[Dundurn Press]], 2006.
*{{citation|last=Janczewski|first=Lech|last2=Colarik|first2=Andrew M.|year=2008|title=Cyber warfare and cyber terrorism, Premier Reference Series, Gale virtual reference library|publisher=Idea Group Inc (IGI)|isbn=1-59140-991-8|pages=[http://books.google.com/books?id=6CJ-aV9Dh-QC&pg=PT486&dq=UKUSA+agreement+and+the+ECHELON+network#v=onepage 454,455]}}
*[[Nicky Hager|Hager, Nicky]] (1996) ''Secret Power, New Zealand's Role in the International Spy Network''; Craig Potton Publishing, Nelson, NZ; ISBN 0-908802-35-8; ([http://www.filefactory.com/?d895a8 ONLINE EDITION])
*Richelson, Jeffrey T.; Ball, Desmond (1985). ''The Ties That Bind: Intelligence Cooperation Between the UKUSA Countries''. London: [[Allen & Unwin]]. ISBN 0-04-327092-1.
*Richelson, Jeffrey T. ''The United States Intelligence Community'', fifth ed. [[Westview Press]], Boulder, Colo.; ISBN 978-0-8133-4362-4; 2008.
*Rosen, Philip. ''The Communications Security Establishment: Canada’s Most Secret Intelligence Agency.'' Ottawa: [[Library of Parliament]] Research Branch, 1993.
*Rudner, Martin. ''Canada's Communications Security Establishment: From the Cold War to Globalization'' in Intelligence and National Security. Volume 16 Number 1 (Spring 2001). 97–128.
*Whitaker, Reginald. ''Cold War Alchemy: How America, Britain, and Canada Transformed Espionage into Subversion'' in Intelligence and National Security.
{{refend}}

== External links ==
* [http://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/ukusa/ UKUSA Agreement] at [[The National Archives (United Kingdom)|The National Archives]]
* [http://www.nsa.gov/public_info/declass/ukusa.shtml UKUSA Agreement] at the [[National Security Agency]]
* [http://electrospaces.blogspot.nl/2013/11/five-eyes-9-eyes-and-many-more.html Top Level Telecommunications: Five Eyes, 9-Eyes and many more]

{{DEFAULTSORT:Ukusa Agreement}}
[[Category:Espionage]]
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